Roots of Brazil’s Relative Economic Backwardness explains Brazil’s development level in light of modern theories regarding economic growth and international economics. It focuses on both the proximate and fundamental causes of Brazil’s slow development, turning currently dominant hypotheses upside down. To support its arguments, the book presents extensive statistical analysis of Brazilian long-term development, with some new series on per capita GDP, population ethnical composition, and human capital stock, among others. It is an important resource in the ongoing debate on the causes of Latin American underdeveloped economies. Argues that low human capital accumulation is the major source of Brazilian relative underdevelopmentConsiders class conflict as the major determinant of Brazil’s historically low human capital accumulation and underdevelopmentPresents new statistical information about Brazilian early development